The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency. Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can. (Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate) or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and is therefore called a hybrid device. (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator". An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An Actroid is a humanoid robot with strong visual human-likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. (the animatronics division of Sanrio). It was first unveiled at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in Tokyo, Japan. Several different versions of the product have been produced since then. In most cases, the robot's appearance has been modeled after an average young woman of Japanese descent.

Overview
The circuit was designed to increase or amplify the short wave reception of radio frequency having a range of 5 MHz to 20 MHz.

Terminology
* Shortwave (SW)– a term used to describe the radiant energy in the visible, near ultraviolet, and near infrared wavelengths and it operates in the frequency range of 3000 KHz to 30,000 KHz

* Radio Frequency (RF) – operates within the range of 3 Hz to 300 GHz
* Preamplifier (preamp) - a device normally used together with the sound equipment to be of assistance in improving the overall quality of sound by detecting and strengthening weak signals for subsequent and more powerful amplification stages

* Field Effect Transistor (FET) – a type of transistor that controls the current and the shape of an electric field where the flow of current or the conductivity of material is only through a single type of semiconductor material

* 2N3819 - an all purpose JFET which offers good performance at mid to high frequencies and a low cost type; has low noise and leakage, very high system sensitivity, high speed switching capability, wideband high gain at 100 MHz, high low-level signal amplification and high quality of amplification

A DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function as a biosensor. The structure of DNAFETs is similar to that of MOSFETs with the exception of the gate structure which, in DNAFETs, is replaced by a layer of immobilized ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) molecules which act as surface receptors. When complementary DNA strands hybridize to the receptors, the charge distribution near the surface changes, which in turn modulates current transport through the semiconductor transducer.

A ballistic transistor is a high-speed electronic switching device through which electrons flow unimpeded, without being slowed down by collisions with atoms as they are in a conventional transistor. The ballistic transistor is (as of 2004) still in the experimental stage of development.

Two main techniques have emerged for creating a ballistic MOSFET (a type of field-effect transistor). The earliest idea was to control the oxidation process by which the insulating layer in the MOSFET, between the gate and the channel, is created, resulting in a smoother surface that allows electrons to flow faster. This approach is being investigated by Lucent's Bell Labs.